目录

人生不如意之事十之八九,合并分支往往也不是一帆风顺的。

准备新的 feature1 分支,继续我们的新分支开发:

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$ git checkout -b feature1
Switched to a new branch 'feature1'

修改 readme.txt 最后一行,改为:

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Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.

feature1 分支上提交:

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$ git add readme.txt

$ git commit -m "AND simple"
[feature1 14096d0] AND simple
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

切换到 master 分支:

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$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

Git还会自动提示我们当前 master 分支比远程的 master 分支要超前1个提交。

master 分支上把 readme.txt 文件的最后一行改为:

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Creating a new branch is quick & simple.

提交:

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$ git add readme.txt 
$ git commit -m "& simple"
[master 5dc6824] & simple
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

现在, master 分支和 feature1 分支各自都分别有新的提交,变成了这样:

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                HEAD
                   ↘
                  master
                    ↓
     〇---〇---〇---〇   
                  \
                   〇
                    ↑
                 feature1

这种情况下,Git无法执行“快速合并”,只能试图把各自的修改合并起来,但这种合并就可能会有冲突,我们试试看:

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$ git merge feature1
Auto-merging readme.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

果然冲突了!Git告诉我们,readme.txt 文件存在冲突,必须手动解决冲突后再提交。 git status 也可以告诉我们冲突的文件:

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$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)

	both modified:   readme.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

我们可以直接查看 readme.txt 的内容:

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Git is a distributed version control system.
Git is free software distributed under the GPL.
Git has a mutable index called stage.
Git tracks changes of files.
<<<<<<< HEAD
Creating a new branch is quick & simple.
=======
Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.
>>>>>>> feature1

Git用 <<<<<<<,=======,>>>>>>> 标记出不同分支的内容,我们修改如下后保存:

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Creating a new branch is quick and simple.

再提交:

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$ git add readme.txt 
$ git commit -m "conflict fixed"
[master cf810e4] conflict fixed

现在, master 分支和 feature1 分支变成了下图所示:

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                       HEAD
                        ↘
                       master
                         ↓
     〇---〇---〇---〇---〇   
                  \    /
                    〇
                    ↑
                 feature1

用带参数的 git log 也可以看到分支的合并情况:

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$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
*   cf810e4 (HEAD -> master) conflict fixed
|\  
| * 14096d0 (feature1) AND simple
* | 5dc6824 & simple
|/  
* b17d20e branch test
* d46f35e (origin/master) remove test.txt
* b84166e add test.txt
* 519219b git tracks changes
* e43a48b understand how stage works
* 1094adb append GPL
* e475afc add distributed
* eaadf4e wrote a readme file

最后,删除 feature1 分支:

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$ git branch -d feature1
Deleted branch feature1 (was 14096d0).

工作完成。

小结

当Git无法自动合并分支时,就必须首先解决冲突。解决冲突后,再提交,合并完成。

解决冲突就是把Git合并失败的文件手动编辑为我们希望的内容,再提交。

git log --graph 命令可以看到分支合并图。

Reference